ADD Readme for Arch Linux Installation
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# Installation of Arch Linux
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After creating an ISO and starting the system.
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See `archlinux-2024.06.01-x86_64.iso` via https://archlinux.org/download/
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### Create a Live USB or DVD or ISO directly in a Virtual Machine
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#### USB stick on a Linux machine
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# dd bs=4M if=/[path_to_archlinux.iso] of=/dev/[path_to_usb_device] statuts=progress && sync
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Replace [path_to_archlinux.iso] with the actual path to your Arch Linux ISO file and [path_to_usb_device] with the correct path to your USB device.
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Be careful specifieng the path to the USB device.
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Check the path with
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# lsblk
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A USB stick is usually mounted under /run/media/ e.g.
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NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
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sda 8:0 1 111.8G 0 disk
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├─sda1 8:1 1 102G 0 part /
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└─sda2 8:2 1 9.8G 0 part [SWAP]
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sdb 8:16 1 3.6T 0 disk /data
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/srv
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/raid1
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sdc 8:32 1 3.6T 0 disk
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sdd 8:48 1 7.6G 0 disk
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└─sdd1 8:49 1 7.6G 0 part /run/media/tom/TUEVAUSTRIA
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sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
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In this example the USB device partition is `sdd1` and the device itself is `sdd` which should be used as [path_to_usb_device].
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### Start the install ISO
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Select **Arch Linux install medium (x86_64)** and press **Enter** to start the setup process
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### Set the Keyboard Layout
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The default keymap is set to US. To list other available layouts run
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# ls /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/**/*.map.gz
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To change to the German keyboard layout enter
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# loadkeys de-latin1
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It is a little difficult to find the correct keys on a US keyboard. The **`y`** is swapped with the **`z`**, and the **`-`** is on the **`ß`** key.
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### Check the Internet Connection
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# ping -c 3 google.com
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### Enable Network Time Protocol (NTP)
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# timedatectl set-ntp true
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To check the NTP service, use:
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# timedatectl status
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### Partition the Disk
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#### BTRF file system without a partition
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Just to get an overview of the drives
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# lsblk
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Create the filesystem with
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# mkfs.btrfs /dev/sdX --label arch
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Replace X with the drive letter or if it is an nvme drive use /dev/nvmeXX with the correct drive label. `--label` or `-L` defines the Label of the drive, e.g. *arch*.
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### Check the Mirror List for an Suitable Mirror
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To speed up the download, set up the mirror list so that the fastest mirrors are at the top.
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First, sync the Arch repository with `pacman`
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# pacman -Syy
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Install **reflector** to be able to update the mirrors and sort them by download speed. Add reflector by running:
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# pacman -S reflector
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Backup the mirror list with:
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# cp /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist.bak
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The reflector updates the mirror list, run:
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# reflector -c "XX" -f 12 -l 10 -n 12 --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
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Replace **"XX"** with the your location country code (e.g. enter "US" if you are
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located in the United States, or "AT,DE" if you are located close to Austria and Germany)
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## Install Arch Linux
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### Mount the **root** partition
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Btrfs filesystem has the following options, which are useful to change:
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* **noatime**, useful to use by default because atime updates increases metadata writes. relatime is default,
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* **commit=300**, default is 30, the interval of periodic transaction commit,
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* **compress=zstd:2**, default is no, use zstd compression from [1,15] ratio. Default zstd ratio is 3.
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#### Mount the Drive with Label *arch* to /mnt
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# mount -o compress=zstd:2,noatime,commit=300 LABEL=arch /mnt
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### PACSTRAP installation script for necessary packages to the bootable device
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# pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware nano mc btrfs-progs dhcpcd
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## Configure Arch Linux
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### Generate fstab File
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The **fstab** file defines the order in which disks, partitions, block devices, and other data sources are mounted.
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Create the **fstab** file by running:
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# genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
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### Use Arch-Chroot and Enter the Mounted Disk as Root
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Change the **root** to the newly installed Arch Linux system with the 'arch-chroot' command:
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# arch-chroot /mnt
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[root@archiso /]#
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### Set the Time Zone
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Setting the correct time zone ensures the system clock reflects the accurate local time.
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#### List all available time zones
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# find /usr/share/zoneinfo -type f | more
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Find your timezone and make a note of the name, make an `ln`command to create a symbolic link from the timezone to */etc/localtime*. For *Europe/Vienna* run
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# ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Vienna /etc/localtime
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#### Set the Locale
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Open the file *locale.gen* with `nano`, and uncomment the name by removing the leading # of your preferred locale and any other you would like to use.
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I uncomment the line with
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# nano /etc/locale.gen
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I personally like to have an English environment with European setting, so I remove the **#** for *en_DK.UTF-8 UTF-8*.
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...
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#en_CA ISO-8859-1
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en_DK.UTF-8 UTF-8
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#en_DK ISO-8859-1
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#en_GB.UTF-8 UTF-8
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...
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Enter **Ctr + X** to exit and type **Y** to save the changes.
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Generate a locale configuration file with the following command:
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# locale-gen
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Create the *locale.conf*, run:
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# echo LANG=en_DK.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
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# export LANG=en_DK.UTF-8
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Set the **console keyboard layout**, make the changes persistent in *vconsole.conf(5):
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# echo KEYMAP=de-latin1 > /etc/vconsole.conf
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### Set Hostname *debian* (or any other name)
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# echo debian > /etc/hostname
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### Enable the DHCP, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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Run
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# systemctl enable dhcpcd
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### Set the root password with the command **passwd**
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# passwd
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## Installation of the Grub Bootloader
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#### Installation on a Non-UEFI System
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# pacman -S grub os-prober
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# grub-install /dev/sdX
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Replace X with the letter of the drive you want to install GRUB on. For example `grub-install /dev/sda`.
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Create a GRUB configuration file with:
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# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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#### Installation on a UEFI System
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# pacman -S grub efibootmgr
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# mkdir /boot/efi
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# mount /dev/sdX1 /boot/efi
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Replace X with the drive letter of the disk the partition belongs to.
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Install Grub with:
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# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --bootloader-id=GRUB --efi-directory=/boot/efi
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Finally create GRUB configuration file:
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# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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## Create a New User and Set Privileges
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#### Install `sudo` before adding a new user
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# pacman -S sudo
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#### Create a New User with:
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# useradd -m [username]
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Replace [username] with the real username for the system.
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#### Create the Password
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# passwd [username]
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#### Add the User to several groups, granting specific permissions:
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# usermod -aG wheel,audio,video,storage [username]
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#### sudoers -- Edit the *visudo* File, uncomment the **wheel** group:
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# EDITOR=nano visudo
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#
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...
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## Uncomment to allow members of group wheel to execute any command
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%wheel ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
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...
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## Exit the Environment of ARCH-Chroot and Reboot
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# exit
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### Unmount the **root** with:
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# umount -l /mnt
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Remove the USB or CD/DVD and reboot the system with:
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# reboot
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